Global profile of Lead

This document profiles lead’s global uses, production, recycling, and harms, and outlines UN Environment’s response. It covers dominant applications in lead-acid batteries, high secondary production rates, China’s large refining share, and global trade analyses. It details health effects across cardiovascular, neurological, renal, reproductive, hematologic, immunological, and cancer outcomes, with children at highest risk. It reviews terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem impacts and socio-economic costs, including IQ loss and behavioral effects. It then summarizes mandates and initiatives: the Lead Paint Alliance, model laws, country adoption progress, and actions on used lead-acid batteries through partnerships, guidance, and capacity-building for environmentally sound management.