Pollution and the Marine Environment in the Indian Ocean: UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies No. 13

This report provides a highly detailed United Nations technical assessment of marine pollution in the Indian Ocean region, emphasizing its unique oceanographic, biological, and socio-economic attributes. Drawing on original research from national institutes and field surveys, it profiles the Indian Ocean’s geography, dynamic surface and subsurface current systems, water mass composition, and complex climatic influences shaped by monsoons. The report examines core environmental challenges such as industrial and municipal effluent, oil contamination linked to regional tanker routes and refineries, agricultural runoff, and the ecological impact of rapid coastal development. Special focus is given to the vulnerability of coral reefs, mangrove forests, and rich fisheries, highlighting the measurable effects of pollution on biodiversity and local economies. Additionally, it reviews patterns of nutrient enrichment, heavy metal accumulation, radioactive substances, and emerging contaminants—all within a framework of regional population growth and industrial expansion. The report concludes with clear recommendations for coordinated pollution monitoring, control strategies, and regional cooperation.