The Present State of Mangrove Ecosystems in Southeast Asia and the Impact of Pollution: Singapore

This report is an account of the special situations of the mangrove forests in Singapore, which declined from 10-12% of the total land area 150 years ago to 3% in 1978, and to an estimated 1% in 1980. A description of the knowledge on Singapore's swamp forest is given, including a - historical summary, not present state - record of mangrove species and its associated terrestrial and aquatic fauna and flora. In view of the land constraints in Singapore industrial for development, the report analyses the state and impact of human activities from land development to land use and pollution.