Who pays whatfor urban transport?

This handbook analyses how urban transport systems can be sustainably funded in rapidly growing cities, examining who pays for infrastructure and operations and how responsibilities are shared among public authorities, users and indirect beneficiaries. It presents international comparisons and case studies to estimate typical cost levels and funding needs, outlines mechanisms such as public subsidies, fares, road and parking charges, employer and business taxes, land value capture, public-private partnerships, Clean Development Mechanism projects and decentralised cooperation, and concludes that a coherent mix of long-term revenue sources, coordinated through effective transit authorities and institutional reforms, is essential to support sustainable mobility.