Assessment report on climate change, Mongolia

This assessment report provides an analysis of the climatic changes observed and projected across Mongolia, detailing their profound implications for the nation’s ecosystems, economy, and society. Drawing on extensive meteorological and ecological data, it documents a significant rise in annual mean temperature—by 2.14°C over the last 70 years—and notable shifts in precipitation patterns, including regional decreases and increased frequency of extreme events. The report scrutinizes impacts on biophysical systems, including increased desertification, declining water resources, permafrost degradation, and reduced forest and grassland areas. It highlights that Mongolia’s traditional economic sectors, specifically pastoral animal husbandry and rainfed agriculture, are acutely vulnerable to climate variability, making adaptation a critical priority. National institutional efforts, such as strategic planning, greenhouse gas inventories, and the development of both adaptation and mitigation strategies, are examined alongside recommendations to strengthen monitoring, policy integration, and community resilience.