Principles and Methods for Assessing Direct Immunotoxicity Associated with Exposure to Chemicals - Environmental Health Criteria 180

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dc.contributor.authorWorld Health Organization
dc.contributor.organizationEconomy Division
dc.contributor.otherDean, J. H.
dc.contributor.otherDescotes, J.
dc.contributor.otherKuper, F.
dc.contributor.otherLuster, M.
dc.contributor.otherRoss, P. S.
dc.contributor.otherSchuurman, H. J.
dc.contributor.otherSelgrade, M. J.
dc.contributor.otherde Swart, R. L.
dc.contributor.otherVan Loveren, H.
dc.contributor.otherVos, J. G.
dc.contributor.otherWester, P. W.
dc.contributor.otherZapata, A. G.
dc.date.accessioned2019-08-20T20:39:14Z
dc.date.available2019-08-20T20:39:14Z
dc.date.issued1996
dc.descriptionIn this monograph, the function and histophysiology of the immune system are reviewed, and the information necessary to understand and interpret the pathological changes caused by immunotoxic insults is provided. Emphasis is laid on the immune systems of humans and rodent species, but reference is made to other species, including fish, that have been the object of immunotoxicological studies. The patho physiology of the immune system, including the variable susceptibility of its components, alterations to the lymphoid organs, and the reversibility of changes are important for understanding the impact of immunotoxicity. This monograph is concerned mainly with one aspect of immunotoxicology: the direct or indirect effect of xenobiotic compounds (or their biotransformation products) on the immune system. This effect is usually immunosuppression, or the induction of a state of deficiency or unresponsiveness. Allergy and autoimmunity will be dealt with in a future Environmental Health Criteria monograph.en
dc.formatpdf
dc.identifier.isbn92 4 1571802
dc.identifier.urihttps://wedocs.unep.org/handle/20.500.11822/29544
dc.languageEnglish
dc.page.number412 p.
dc.publisherWorld Health Organization
dc.relation.TableOfContentsNote to Readers of the Criteria Monographs Preamble WHO Task Group Meeting on Principles and Methods for Assessing Direct Immunotoxicity Associated with Exposure to Chemicals Principles and Methods Abbreviations Summary and Recommendations Introduction to Immunotoxicology Historical overview The immune system; functions, system regulation, and modifying factors; histophysiology of lymphoid organs Function of the immune system Encounter and recognition Specificity Choice of effector reaction; diversity of the answer Immunoregulation Modifying factors outside the immune system Immunological memory Histophysiology of lymphoid organs Overview: structure of the immune system Bone marrow Thymus Lymph nodes Spleen Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue Skin immune system or skin-associated lymphoid tissue Pathophysiology Susceptibility to toxic action Regeneration Changes in lymphoid organs Health Impact of Selected Immunotoxic Agents Description of consequences on human health Consequences of immunosuppression Cancer Infectious diseases Consequences of immunostimulation Direct immunotoxicity in laboratory animals Azathioprine and cyclosporin A Azathioprine Cyclosporin A Halogenated hydrocarbons 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin Polychlorinated biphenyls Hexachlorobenzene Pesticides Organochlorine pesticides Organophosphate compounds Pyrethroids Carbamates Dinocap Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Solvents Benzene Other solvents Metals Cadmium Lead Mercury Organotins Gallium arsenide Beryllium Air pollutants Mycotoxins Particles Asbestos Silica Substances of abuse Ultraviolet B radiation Food additives Immunotoxicity of environmental chemicals in wildlife and domesticated species Fish and other marine species Fish Marine mammals Cattle and swine Chickens Immunotoxicity of environmental chemicals in humans Case reports Air pollutants Pesticides Halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons Metals Solvents Ultraviolet radiation Others Strategies for Testing the Immunotoxicity of Chemicals in Animals General testing of the toxicity of chemicals Organization of tests in tiers US National Toxicology Program panel Dutch National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection panel US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticides panel US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition panel Considerations in evaluating systemic and local immunotoxicity Species selection Systemic immunosuppression Local suppression Methods of Immunotoxicology in Experimental Animals Nonfunctional tests Organ weights Pathology Basal immunoglobulin level Bone marrow Enumeration of leukocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, peritoneal cavity, and skin Flow cytometric analysis Functional tests Macrophage activity Natural killer activity Antigen-specific antibody responses Antibody responses to sheep red blood cell Spleen immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G plaque-forming cell assay to the T-dependent antigen, sheep red blood cells Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of anti-sheep red blood cell antibodies of classes M, G, and A in rats Responsiveness to B-cell mitogens Responsiveness to T-cell mitogens Mixed lymphocyte reaction Cytotoxic T lymphocyte assay Delayed-type hypersensitivity responses Host resistance models Listeria monocytogenes Streptococcus infectivity models Viral infection model with mouse and rat cytomegalovirus Influenza virus model Parasitic infection model with Trichinella spiralis Plasmodium model B16F10 Melanoma model PYB6 Carcinoma model MADB106 Adenocarcinoma model Autoimmune models Assessment of immunotoxicity in non-rodent species Non-human primates Dogs Non-mammalian species Fish Chickens Approaches to assessing immunosuppression in vitro Future directions Molecular approaches in immunotoxicology Transgenic mice Severe combined immunodeficient mice Biomarkers in epidemiological studies and monitoring Quality assurance for immunotoxicology studies Validation Essentials of Immunotoxicity Assessment in Humans Introduction: Immunocompetence and immunosuppression Considerations in assessing human immune status related to immunotoxicity Confounding variables Considerations in the design of epidemiological studies Proposed testing regimen Assays for assessing immune status Total blood count and differential Tests of the antibody-mediated immune system Immunoglobulin concentration Specific antibodies Tests for inflammation and autoantibodies C-Reactive protein Antinuclear antibody Rheumatoid factor Thyroglobulin antibody Tests for cellular immunity Flow cytometry Delayed-type hypersensitivity Proliferation of mononuclear cells in vitro Tests for nonspecific immunity Natural killer cells Polymorphonuclear granulocytes Complement Clinical chemistry Additional confirmatory tests Risk Assessment Introduction Complements to extrapolating experimental data In vitro approaches Parallelograms Severe combined immunodeficient mice Host resistance and clinical disease Some Terms Used in Immunotoxicology References Résumé Resumen
dc.rights.accessLevelPublic
dc.subjecttoxic substance
dc.subjectchemical
dc.subjectrisk assessment
dc.subjecthealth
dc.subjectbenzene
dc.subjectmetal
dc.subject.sdgSDG 3 - Good Health and Well-Being
dc.subject.themechemistry
dc.subject.themechemical pollution
dc.titlePrinciples and Methods for Assessing Direct Immunotoxicity Associated with Exposure to Chemicals - Environmental Health Criteria 180en
dc.typeTechnical report
unepmap.identifier.seriesEnvironmental Health Criteria; No. 180
wd.identifier.institutionsWorld Health Organization, International Programme on Chemical Safety

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