RT Report
T1 Once Burned, Twice Shy? Lessons Learned from the 1997-98 El Niño
A1 United Nations Environment Programme, 
A2 Glantz, Michael
K1 global warming
K1 natural disaster
K1 climate change
K1 flood
K1 cyclone
K1 hurricane
PB United Nations University
SN 92-808-1063-4
YR 2001
FD 2001
LK https://wedocs.unep.org/handle/20.500.11822/30144
UL https://wedocs.unep.org/handle/20.500.11822/30144
NO This report examines the impacts of the 1997–1998 El Niño event and evaluates how countries perceived, forecast, and responded to the associated climate anomalies. It reviews scientific understanding of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and analyses how early warning information was generated, communicated, and used by decision makers. Drawing on case studies from multiple countries, the document assesses physical effects such as drought, rainfall anomalies, and disruptions to agriculture, water supply, and infrastructure, together with social and economic consequences. The report also investigates institutional preparedness, disaster management structures, and policy responses, highlighting issues in forecasting reliability, information dissemination, vulnerability assessment, and coordination among government agencies and international organisations involved in disaster risk reduction.
DS UN Environment Document Repository
RD Sep 17, 2026