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T1 Cold Water Coral Reefs: Out of Sight-No Longer Out of Mind
A1 United Nations Environment Programme, 
A2 Freiwald, A.
A2 Fosså, J. H.
A2 Grehan, A.
A2 Koslow, T.
A2 Roberts, J. M.
YR 2004
FD 2004
LK https://wedocs.unep.org/handle/20.500.11822/8727
UL https://wedocs.unep.org/handle/20.500.11822/8727
NO This report examines the distribution, ecology, threats and management of cold-water coral reefs in deep and temperate marine environments worldwide. It describes their biological characteristics, environmental requirements and ecological functions, emphasising their role as biodiversity hotspots and as habitat for commercially important species. Drawing on recent field observations, mapping initiatives and multidisciplinary research, it outlines current knowledge on geology, oceanography and species interactions, while identifying significant gaps in scientific understanding. The report documents human pressures, particularly bottom fishing, hydrocarbon activities and infrastructure placement, and reviews existing regulatory and policy responses. It concludes by presenting a structured set of recommendations to support research, monitoring, regulation and international coordination for sustainable management.
DS UN Environment Document Repository
RD Sep 20, 2026