RT null
T1 Physical, Alteration and Destruction of Habitats: Regional Overview of the Physical Alteration and Habitat Destruction (PADH) in the Western Indian Ocean Region
A1 United Nations Environment Programme, 
A1 Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association, 
K1 Indian Ocean
K1 mangrove swamp
K1 coral reef
K1 environmental impact assessment
K1 dam
K1 river
K1 aquaculture
K1 agriculture
K1 land reclamation
K1 tourism
K1 Agriculture
K1 Biodiversity
YR 2004
FD 2004
LK https://wedocs.unep.org/handle/20.500.11822/30364
UL https://wedocs.unep.org/handle/20.500.11822/30364
NO The GPA has been mandated to provide guidance and develop activities to address nine source categories of land-based sources of marine degradation. These are: wastewater/sewage; Nutrients; Persistent Organic Pollutants; Radioactive substances; Heavy metals; Sediment mobilization; Litter; Oils (Hydrocarbons); and Physical Alteration and Habitat destruction (PADH). Physical alteration and habitat destruction is considered as the strongest reflection of the increasing population and economic activities in the coastal zone. PADH is also referred as "Habitat and Community Modification" by the Global International Water Assessment (GIWA) Programme or "Destruction and Alteration of Habitats" in other processes.
DS UN Environment Document Repository
RD Sep 17, 2026