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T1 Overview on Land-Based Sources and Activities Affecting the Marine Environment in the ROPME Sea Area: UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies No. 168
A1 United Nations Environment Programme, 
K1 marine environment
K1 sea level
K1 land-based resource
K1 water
K1 oxygen
K1 freshwater ecosystem
K1 mangrove swamp
K1 coral reef
K1 pollution
K1 Iraq
K1 Iran (Islamic Republic of)
K1 Kuwait
K1 Oman
K1 Qatar
K1 Saudi Arabia
K1 United Arab Emirates
K1 hydrocarbon
K1 combustion
K1 sewage
K1 radioactive contamination
YR 1999
FD 1999
LK https://wedocs.unep.org/handle/20.500.11822/31454
UL https://wedocs.unep.org/handle/20.500.11822/31454
NO The ROPME sea area includes the coastal and marine waters of the eight countries (Bahrain, Iraq, Islamic Republic of Iran, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates) that make up ROPME. This region is arid, with large seasonal fluctuations of air and water temperatures and thus the greatest extremes among tropical marine climates. While its natural resources have supported the coastal populations for thousands of years, the marine environment has recently been degraded as a result of a wide range of land-based sources and activities.
DS UN Environment Document Repository
RD Sep 16, 2026