RT null
T1 The Present State of Mangrove Ecosystems in Southeast Asia and the Impact of Pollution: Singapore
A1 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 
A1 United Nations Environment Programme, 
K1 mangrove swamp
K1 ecosystem
K1 Southeast Asia
K1 Singapore
K1 geographical distribution
K1 flora
K1 fauna
K1 saline soil
K1 pollution
K1 land use
K1 land reclamation
K1 forestry
K1 fishery
K1 aquaculture
K1 domestic waste
K1 industrial waste
K1 agriculture
K1 heavy metal
K1 oil pollution
YR 1980
FD 1980-04
LK https://wedocs.unep.org/handle/20.500.11822/30274
UL https://wedocs.unep.org/handle/20.500.11822/30274
NO This report is an account of the special situations of the mangrove forests in Singapore, which declined from 10-12% of the total land area 150 years ago to 3% in 1978, and to an estimated 1% in 1980. A description of the knowledge on Singapore's swamp forest is given, including a - historical summary, not present state - record of mangrove species and its associated terrestrial and aquatic fauna and flora. In view of the land constraints in Singapore industrial for development, the report analyses the state and impact of human activities from land development to land use and pollution.
DS UN Environment Document Repository
RD Sep 16, 2026