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T1 Reefs at Risk: Coral Reefs, Human Use and Global Climate Change - A Programme of Action
A1 International Union for Conservation of Nature, 
A2 Buddemeier, R. H.
A2 Hulm, Peter
A2 Pernetta, John
A2 Wilkinson, Clive
K1 coral reef
K1 tropical forest
K1 ecosystem
K1 climate change
YR 1993
FD 1993
LK https://wedocs.unep.org/handle/20.500.11822/28991
UL https://wedocs.unep.org/handle/20.500.11822/28991
NO This report provides an overview of the increasing threats facing coral reef ecosystems as a result of human activities and global climate change. It explains the ecological structure and functioning of reefs, describing their exceptional biological diversity, high productivity, and the complex relationships among corals, algae, plankton, and other marine organisms that sustain reef systems. The document emphasises the importance of reefs for human societies, noting their contribution to fisheries, food security, tourism, coastal protection, and the livelihoods of millions of people in tropical regions. It outlines major drivers of reef degradation, including population growth, pollution, sedimentation, overfishing, destructive fishing methods, and the extraction of coral resources. The report also examines emerging environmental pressures linked to climate change, such as rising sea temperatures, sea-level rise, increased storm frequency, changes in ocean circulation, and coral bleaching events. Through global examples, it illustrates how these pressures interact and intensify existing stresses on reef ecosystems. In response, the document highlights the need for improved management approaches, coordinated international monitoring programmes, and greater collaboration between scientists, policy-makers, and local communities. It stresses that systematic observation, research, and sustainable resource management are essential for protecting reef ecosystems and maintaining their ecological and socio-economic value for future generations.
DS UN Environment Document Repository
RD Sep 18, 2026